Over the years, you will be asked to sling different loads. Any sign of deteriorating weather must be seriously assessed and appropriate action taken without delay to keep well clear of it. This type of operation requires a qualified ground crew, appropriated equipment and a good coordination of the team. You will not receive a reply. To maintain a good lookout, and manage the helicopter at the same time requires the pilot’s constant attention. These effects are very similar in the hover. Although the heading indicator gives an immediate indication of turning, its primary purpose is to indicate heading, not bank angle. smoothly apply forward cyclic to select the hover attitude, pause; as the helicopter comes to a stop, adjust the cyclic to hold the helicopter in a steady hover; hold the heading throughout with pedals; and. Control zones have been designated around certain aerodromes to keep IFR aircraft within controlled airspace during approaches and to facilitate the control of VFR and IFR traffic. /Type /Font All of these gauges indicate the temperatures and pressures (T’s and P’s) of the engine at any given time. Corrections made with reference to the control instruments are made on the basis of information received from the performance instruments. A companion to the Helicopter Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-21), this FAA handbook is designed as a technical manual for use by applicants who are preparing for their flight instructor pilot certificate (CFI) with a helicopter class rating, as well as for experienced helicopter instructors preparing pilots for a helicopter rating. To practice the manoeuvre, identify a spot on the ground close to nose of the helicopter; 10 to 15 feet will suffice. During hovering flight the anti-torque pedals are used to maintain or change the helicopter heading. This reduction of blade pitch, with the resulting reduction in drag, will cause the RPM to increase. This helicopter flight instructor manual, produced by the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority, includes material developed with the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand. Fore and aft cyclic movement is used to achieve and maintain the desired attitude to select the airspeed. Now let’s look at a practical application. The collective controls the height of the hovering helicopter above the ground. Your instructor will teach you the correct procedures for briefing your passengers at this stage. For the third time CASA is publishing one such guide for the rotary wing sector. when hovering or hover-taxiing the landing light can produce glare and disorientation particularly over light coloured surfaces such as concrete. This document is Issue 3 of the Flight Instructor Manual – Helicopter developed from extensive feedback from the helicopter training industry. The transition from approach to the hover is more difficult than by day because outside reference may be obscure, and groundspeed is more difficult to assess. Under some conditions (e.g. This exercise will be your introduction to autorotations. Each time you conduct a simulated engine failure a simulated MAYDAY call should be made. These lines enable the pilot to estimate track errors and required heading changes with reasonable accuracy. The Robinson Flight Training Guide is a comprehensive document with detailed syllabi for training in R22, R44, and R66 helicopters. You should note the position of the disc, in relation to the horizon, as this is one of the important cues in cruise flight. This “weather-cocking” effect is caused by the wind pushing against the vertical fin and body in the same fashion as a weather vane. For example, at 100 mph, (10 + 5) = 15 degrees of bank; at 80 kt, (8+7)= 15 degrees of bank. It is the responsibility of the pilot-in-command to load the helicopter within the limitations set out in the authorized weight and balance section of the flight manual. Another frequent error is the application of too much aft cyclic before it is required when rolling into the steep turn, causing altitude control to be erratic. Your instructor will review the causes, conditions and symptoms of vortex ring. make sure the helicopter is in accurate straight and level flight; roll the helicopter gently to the desired bank attitude with lateral cyclic, maintain this attitude, and at the same time; use appropriate pedal pressure to control any tendency for the helicopter to yaw; use cyclic to maintain the correct attitude in relation to the horizon; and. Be aware that in both turbine and reciprocating engine helicopters, exhaust fumes can enter the cockpit under certain wind conditions while hovering to the rear. Correct! Keep these in view as you increase the hover height after hook-up to maintain as vertical a liftoff as possible. The cruise attitude is set with cyclic, trim using pedals, and a scan started to establish level flight. While flying with reference to instruments, the pilot continuously extracts information from the performance instruments, and makes control adjustments as required while referring to the control instruments. Observe that the disc tilts in a direction corresponding to the direction in which you have moved the cyclic. For example, when the task is to fly straight and level, the most important performance instruments are the heading indicator and the altimeter. A heading change of 7 degrees (058 degrees) left would result in a heading whereby we would parallel the required track. This increase in blade pitch will cause the vortices to intensify in strength and will result in a more rapid descent. Therefore, ensure that the airspeed is increased to the minimum rate of descent speed in order to remain outside the “Avoid” areas. The position of some anti-collision lights can also cause disorientation when the beam is reflected off ice crystals, light snow or light rain; The principles of pilot navigation by night are basically similar to those used by day, except that map reading at night requires some special techniques. Employments of the control and performance theory apply for all instrument manoeuvres; cyclic (attitude) controls airspeed and collective (power) controls altitude or rate of altitude change. To learn to fly a helicopter, you must earn a Federal Aviation Administration private pilot helicopter license. To do this, you have to complete a minimum of 30 hours of training flights, undergo ground training and take the FAA's written and practical examinations. The rotor blades are very close to the ground on the uphill side and present a real hazard to passengers. /S /GoTo At Point C, which is 4 degrees to left of track, a 4-degree right heading change would parallel the track. The instructor’s voice must be completely audible and clearly understandable; if it is not, tell him so. The rotor disc (miniature aircraft wings) should be level with the horizon on the attitude indicator if the instrument has been adjusted correctly. The VSI is essentially a trend instrument and should always be used in conjunction with the other pitch attitude instruments. Completion of these checks using the checklist is very important, and should be conducted in accordance with the recommended procedures contained in the helicopter flight manual. Remove and insert pages as indica-ted below.New or changed text material is indicated by a vertical bar in the margin. Maintain the heading with pedals, and do not lower the collective until after all forward motion has ceased. To maintain the correct fuel/air mixture, you must be able to adjust the amount of fuel that is mixed with the incoming air. Recovery Techniques. Details regarding the correct operation of the system used on your particular helicopter will be found in the helicopter flight manual. The collective controls rotor RPM in autorotation, raise it to reduce RRPM, lower it to increase RRPM. TH-1H: Recently modified UH-1Hs for use as basic helicopter flight trainers by the USAF. There is usually a mark on the face of the instrument to show the correct needle position for a rate one turn. If the helicopter is beyond the halfway point, you can still use the visual alteration method, or alternatively, the opening and closing angle method. To proceed from cruise flight to a descent: While in the descent, remember to scan your engine instruments to ensure that all temperatures and pressures are within limits, and keep a good lookout for other aircraft. There are various forms of flight planning forms and navigation logs, each designed for a particular purpose. The R22 Helicopter Flashcards Study Guide is a must-have study tool for any pilot-in-command of the R22 Robinson Helicopter. Prior to commencing this exercise, you must also review the helicopter flight manual limitations section, as most light helicopters have maximum allowable slope landing limits published. Usually one pinpoint every 10 minutes is sufficient, but more may be used if necessary. Then instead of fixating on that particular instrument to note the effect, the scan is continued to finally return to the original instrument. 9 0 obj maintain instrument flight until VMC is regained, then another decision will be required, to either proceed, turn back, or to land. This manual provides specific guidelines for executing H-60 aircrew training. Dive out. You should select the maximum height that will still allow you to make this judgement. Do not over fly buildings even if you use them for a reference; and. The practice of these manoeuvres is excellent in developing the coordination of all three flight controls and the power control. In a hover, the cyclic is used to maintain a fixed position over a spot on the ground. This will include the checking of weather reports and forecasts to extract information appropriate to the intended flight and the destination. Normal cruise is resumed using the power-attitude-trim technique once more. Check for limitations in the flight manual, in any event it is of little advantage to fly faster than 90 mph with any sling load. In cruise flight, the rotor disc should be superimposed on the horizon bar. This manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step written instructions with the necessary diagrams or pictures. Airports look different at night and the lighting includes lights for the runway, threshold, approach, taxiway, ramp and rotating beacons. Each method will be discussed in detail later in this text but first some basic geometry may help. If the helicopter exceeds aft CG limits, hovering is not possible. Perform a pre-landing check and set the cargo hook master switch to “on”. Normally you may need only a small pedal input into the turn. Usually low-level flying is not practised solo. 3. This helicopter is certified under Federal Air Regulations Parts 27 and 36, and Civil Air Refer to appropriate flight manual Regulation Part 6. supplement(s) (FMS) for additional limitations, procedures, and performance 1-3. maintain RPM throughout with throttle if required by type. You will be shown how to maximize the space available with varied loads on the particular type you are flying. “As quickly as possible” is an aim that can be sacrificed for this objective. The windshield defogging system will generally keep the windshield clear of interior fogging when the helicopter is in flight. Any deviation from the desired heading will be evident from the heading indicator. Therefore in the event of an engine failure no attitude change will be required for a safe touchdown. Cyclic to establish the attitude for the normal cruise airspeed, collective to set cruise power, and pedals to maintain co-ordinated flight. Do not exhaust your fuel in aimless wandering from one heading to another trying to pick up a landmark. A change in power will have an immediate effect on altitude and a lesser effect on airspeed. /H /I As a result of the latter two influences, the temperature in the venturi may drop as much as 21 degrees Celsius below the temperature of the incoming air. Be prepared to raise the collective as necessary to prevent any tendency for the rotor to overspeed. Therefore, to properly change, or maintain, any desired altitude/airspeed a student should know the appropriate power settings required for the training helicopter. Most companies have their own limits for night, usually they are a little higher than by day. This will depend on the position of the aircraft. Airspeeds and power settings should be well controlled and smooth; fly a consistently safe and accurate circuit, and be able to correct any inaccuracies without assistance from your instructor; fly a safe approach and be able to correct any large deviations from the selected approach angle. You also have to carry a serviceable flashlight in the event of electrical failure. Implementing this manual conforms to AR 95-1 and TC 3-04.11. Lateral movements of the cyclic will produce and control-rolling motion to establish and maintain desired angles of bank, or to restore the helicopter to a level attitude. An accurate level turn may be described as a change of direction, maintaining a desired angle of bank, altitude and airspeed with no slip or skid. The downslope skid will begin to rise; in the reverse of the landing sequence (fig 23-2), the cyclic must now be progressively moved away from the slope as the collective is being raised. The phenomenon is most likely to occur when all the conditions listed below are present: Almost every transition from forward flight to a hover utilizes a powered approach, a rate of descent and a reduced airspeed. This is also the case with sloping ground. This type of system will have rotor RPM limits above or below which you should not apply the brake due to the possibility of damaging the drive train. If shortage of fuel becomes a problem, land to conserve remaining fuel. The collective should be raised slowly so the other controls can be adjusted, as the helicopter becomes “light on the skids”; this will ensure that an accurate takeoff is accomplished. Control the rate of the turn with pedal; that is: less left pedal to reduce the rate of a left turn, and vice versa. This condition induces a very rapid rate of descent, vibrations, excessive flapping and a reduction in cyclic authority that could result in an accident. Easing the cyclic in the direction opposite to the turn will return the helicopter to straight and level flight. Flight Instructor Manual (Helicopter) It is important for flying instructors to have available to them a basic guide to elementary flying training. This is an illusion, but the drift is real, and room must be allowed to clear obstacles on the inside of the turn. With the W/V selected for the altitudes to be flown, calculate headings, ground speeds and times and then fill out the navigation log (Fig 20-2b). Nevertheless, it is valuable training exercise that consolidates all previous air exercises into one convenient package. The ratio of aircraft weight to aerofoil size also has a bearing on the vortex produced. The cyclic stick controls the aircraft attitude and therefore the airspeed, which in turn affects altitude. When the flight is apparently going well, do not be lulled into a sense of false security and abandon map reading for long intervals. A check of weight and balance should be included among the factors considered by the pilot in his pre-takeoff checks. Accurate map reading for exact determination of aircraft position is essential to provide the necessary information for calculation of heading and ETA corrections when required. Expanding on the information included in the manufacturer's official flight manual, which is compiled in strictly controlled test conditions, this guide details the performance and handling characteristics and limitations of the popular ... Document about Eurocopter As350 Training Manual Download is available on print and digital edition. There are several gauges that are vital to the operation of the engine that will be covered in detail by your instructor. Never let the oscillations of the load reach a magnitude that endangers you and the helicopter; far better to jettison the load than to lose the helicopter. A diagram depicting the path of the pilot’s viewing pattern would show lines between the attitude indicator to the other instruments, just as spokes radiate from the hub of a wheel. For information on COVID-19 updates, please visit Canada.ca/coronavirus. If you decide that you are definitely lost, LAND. The pilot should apply forward cyclic while reducing the collective; the vortices will leave the disc as the airspeed increases and the helicopter will move forward of its downwash. This consists of flying at a constant altitude (power setting), airspeed and heading (adjusted with cyclic). Go back a few pages and study the definitions of opening angle and closing angle. To use this capability effectively, however, it is essential to be proficient in cross-country navigation. The control and performance instruments are grouped as follows: The performance instruments for pitch attitude control reference are: The easiest method of visualizing the helicopter attitude, when using the attitude indicator, is to imagine the wings of the miniature aircraft as the rotor disc. Keep area clear of debris; hats, scarves, tarps, boards, etc. dropping off passengers and leaving) it may not be desirable to centre the cyclic or carry out the seating check, nor roll back the throttle. Some flights are carried out over featureless terrain and may be more than half completed before a reliable pinpoint is located. Each step of the process is fully illustrated The helicopter will now begin to descend. These are useful because they require minimum or no flare for a skids level attitude on touchdown, and the landing light remains effective throughout the landing sequence. Cockpit lights should illuminate all engine and flight instruments and be adjusted so as not to create a glare that interferes with vision. Ec145 Flight Manual. The easiest way is normally the best way generally holds true for confined area work. While doing this, try to imagine that the cockpit of your helicopter is sitting astride the circumference of a circle with the tail of the helicopter at the centre of that circle. A towering takeoff is normally used for night flying. For Parts Quotes call 405-275 – Schweizer (1) 269A3235-007 & (1) 269A3235-008 […] Remember that these collective changes will require you to make pedal adjustments to maintain the helicopter in co-ordinated flight. Many experienced pilots augment aeronautical charts with information from current automobile road maps, since the latter invariably include more up-to-date secondary roads and highway detail. This increase in power will cause the helicopter to yaw, anticipate this and apply pedal to prevent it. The FSS does not exercise control over air traffic but only acts in an advisory capacity, providing information on winds, runway in use, known traffic, weather, etc. The interpretation of the attitude indicator in helicopter flying must also be discussed. Your instructor will teach you the actions to be taken should the engine fail. By this method, the airflow through the rotor changes from the disturbed flow of the vortex ring to the upward autorotational flow. Utilizing our modern training technology, production representative maintenance training aircraft, multiple flight-training devices, and dedicated airspace, our Fort Worth training academy offers you an innovative, interactive learning experience. Monitor the RRPM to ensure that the limits are not exceeded; it may also be necessary to raise the collective slightly to prevent overspeeding the rotor, but reduce it again as soon as possible to conserve RRPM for the landing. Note the time and enter it in the flight log and calculate the ETA for the destination and the first checkpoint. Most light helicopters have a cabin heater, which may be one of several different types, including: engine bleed air, muff or “Casey”, and combustion heaters. Some ROTORWAY Helicopter Flight Manuals PDF above the page. Training circular (TC) 3-04.42 standardizes aircrew training programs (ATP) and flight evaluation procedures. They are described in detail later in this text, but can be seen drawn on the chart in Figure 20-1.

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